edit [options] geometry rotate [X_DEG [Y_DEG [Z_DEG]]]
edit [options] geometry rotate [-x|-y|-z] DEGREES
edit [options] geometry rotate [-R]
[-k AXIS_FROM_POS|AXIS_FROM_OBJ]
(-a|-r) AXIS_TO_POS|AXIS_TO_OBJ
[-c CENTER_POS|CENTER_OBJ]
[-O ANGLE_ORIGIN_POS|ANGLE_ORIGIN_OBJ]
(-d DEGREES | DEGREES)EDIT ROTATE(nged)
NAME
edit rotate, edit rot - Rotate one or more objects in the database.
On this page
SYNOPSIS
where AXIS_FROM_POS, AXIS_TO_POS, CENTER_POS, and ANGLE_ORIGIN_POS each accept one to three scalar values:
x | x y | x y zand AXIS_FROM_OBJ, AXIS_TO_OBJ, CENTER_OBJ, ANGLE_ORIGIN_OBJ are names of existing database objects whose bounding-box centers are used.
DESCRIPTION
Used to rotate one or more instances of primitive or combination objects. OBJECTs rotate around CENTER by ANGLE. In axis mode, the rotation is further constrained to a specific AXIS direction.
edit rotate operates in one of two modes:
- Euler mode (default, no
-aor-roption) -
Angles are supplied directly as one, two, or three degree values. One angle is a Z-axis rotation; two angles are X then Y rotations; three angles are X, Y, Z rotations applied in sequence. The
-x,-y, and-zflags restrict the single positional angle to the named axis only. - Axis mode (triggered by
-aor-r) -
An explicit rotation axis is specified as the direction vector from AXIS_FROM to AXIS_TO. The rotation angle may be supplied by
-d, as a trailing positional value, or derived implicitly from a second ANGLE_FROM → ANGLE_TO reference pair (see -k option below). CENTER and ANGLE_ORIGIN control the pivot location. Axis mode is useful for rotating around an arbitrary axis defined by two scene objects, for example:rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 -d 90 cuberotates cube 90° around the axis running from sphere1 to sphere2.
Rotation center defaults to the bounding-box center of the target
object. A rotation of exactly 180° without specifying an axis (e.g.,
rotate 180) is rejected as ambiguous because the rotation direction
is undefined. Supply an explicit axis by using -z 180 to force the
Z-axis, or use axis mode (-k / -a) to supply a direction vector.
The alias rot is equivalent to rotate.
Global options (-S, -f, -F, -i) are described in
edit(nged).
OPTIONS
- -R
-
Interpret all angle values as radians instead of degrees.
- -k AXIS_FROM_POS | AXIS_FROM_OBJ
-
Set AXIS_FROM, the tail of the rotation-axis direction vector. Accepts up to three scalar values (broadcast to a 3-vector if fewer are given) or an object name whose bounding-box center is used. Defaults to the origin
(0, 0, 0)when absent.*Two-pair form for implicit angle:* A second `-k`/`-a` pair may be given after the first to supply an ANGLE_FROM → ANGLE_TO reference. When no explicit `-d` or positional angle is provided, the rotation angle is derived by projecting both reference points onto the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis through the pivot center, and computing the signed arc between the projected vectors. For example, `rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -k 1 0 0 -a 0 1 0 cube` rotates cube 90° around Z (the X→Y arc in the XY-plane).
*Single-pair implicit angle:* When only one `-k`/`-a` pair is given and no explicit angle is supplied, AXIS_FROM and AXIS_TO double as the angle reference points. The command `rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 cube` derives the rotation angle from the arc that sphere1 → sphere2 subtends around the cube's center, projected onto the plane perpendicular to the sphere1→sphere2 axis. Both reference points must lie off the rotation axis (i.e., not at the center) for the projection to be non-degenerate.
- -a AXIS_TO_POS | AXIS_TO_OBJ
-
Set AXIS_TO as an absolute position, triggering axis mode. Accepts coordinates or an object name.
- -r AXIS_TO_POS
-
Set AXIS_TO as a position relative to AXIS_FROM, triggering axis mode. Not available with an object name.
- -d DEGREES
-
Specify the rotation angle as a single scalar degree value (radians if
-Ris also set). In axis mode, this is optional when a second-k/-aangle-reference pair is given (the angle is then computed implicitly). In Euler mode,-dsupplies the single angle that would otherwise come from the first positional argument. - -c CENTER_POS | CENTER_OBJ |
. -
Set the pivot center of the rotation. Accepts coordinates, an object name whose keypoint is used, or the batch marker
.to use each target object’s own keypoint as the pivot center. Defaults to the bounding-box center of the target object. - -O ANGLE_ORIGIN_POS | ANGLE_ORIGIN_OBJ
-
Sets the angle-measurement origin. Defaults to CENTER. Accepts coordinates or an object name. In the original design this defined the "zero" reference for the angle-from/angle-to reference model; in the current implementation it serves as an alternative way to specify the rotation pivot.
- -n
-
Accepted for compatibility with the original design but has minimal effect in the current implementation. Intended to cause a following
*_OBJECTto use its natural origin rather than its bounding-box center. - -o
-
Accepted for compatibility; reserved for the axis-override feature from the original design.
- -x, -y, -z
-
Restrict the rotation to the specified axis (Euler mode). The angle value comes from the next positional argument. Cannot be combined with axis mode (
-a/-r).
EXAMPLES
The following examples use a cube centered at the origin that intersects the +x/+y axes at its corners. Two helper spheres sit at q1 and q4 corners to illustrate axis-mode rotation.
+y cube sphere1
___|___ / /
|q2 | q1| o
-x __|___|___|___________+x
|q3 | q4| o
|___|___| /
| sphere2
-y
Example 1. Rotate the cube 45° counterclockwise on the z-axis (corner in q1 → +y axis)
mged> **edit cube rotate -z 45**
Equivalent forms using other supported syntax:
mged> **edit cube rotate 0 0 45** mged> **edit cube rotate -c 0 0 0 0 0 45** mged> **edit cube rotate -c cube 0 0 45** mged> **edit cube rotate -c . 0 0 45**
Return it to the last position (clockwise by 45°):
mged> **edit cube rotate -z -45**
Return counterclockwise by 315°:
mged> **edit cube rotate -z 315**
Example 2. Rotate the cube so that the forward edge rolls toward the viewer
A single positional angle value rotates around the Z-axis:
mged> **edit cube rotate 90**
The -x flag restricts to the X-axis, rolling toward the viewer
(assuming +x is "forward"):
mged> **edit cube rotate -x 90**
Example 3. Rotate the cube so that the q3 corner points directly toward the viewer
Two positional angles apply as an X rotation then a Y rotation:
mged> **edit cube rotate -45 45**
Example 4. Rotate the cube around an explicit axis — axis from sphere1 to sphere2
In axis mode, -k and -a define the rotation axis; -d supplies
the angle. Here sphere1 and sphere2 are database objects whose
bounding-box centers define the axis direction:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 -d 90**
Rotate back the same way:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 -d -90**
Or equivalently, reverse the axis direction:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere2 -a sphere1 -d 90**
Use explicit coordinates when the axis is known:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -d 45**
Implicit angle from reference arc: Omit -d and instead supply a
second -k/-a pair to define an ANGLE_FROM → ANGLE_TO reference.
The rotation angle is computed as the signed arc between those two
points projected onto the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis.
This is the "rotate by as much as sphere1 → sphere2 sweeps" idiom:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 cube**
This single-pair form uses sphere1 and sphere2 as both axis and angle references simultaneously. For a cleaner two-pair form where the axis and angle references are independent, supply a dedicated angle pair:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -k sphere1 -a sphere2 cube**
Here the first pair sets the +Z axis and the second pair provides the projected reference arc to determine the angle.
Example 5. Rotate the cube around its own center along the z-axis, constrained to an explicit axis
Using the default center (cube’s own keypoint) while specifying the z-axis direction explicitly:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -c cube -d 45**
Using a positional angle instead of -d:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -c cube 45**
Center on cube and keep center fixed while rotating:
mged> **edit cube rotate -c cube -z 45**
Example 6. Rotate the cube 180° around a point offset from its own center
Specify the pivot as a world-space coordinate (e.g., 25 units in the +x direction from the origin):
mged> **edit cube rotate -c 25 0 0 -d 180**
Using a Z-axis axis mode:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 0 -a 0 0 1 -c 25 0 0 -d 180**
Example 7. Rotate the cube to face a specific direction in 3-D using an axis defined by two points
When you want to rotate the cube so that a face that currently points toward +Z instead points toward sphere1, you need to:
-
Identify the current face direction (here +Z, so a point on that direction is
0 0 1): set AXIS_FROM =0 0 1. -
Use sphere1 as AXIS_TO (the target direction).
-
Determine the required rotation angle. If sphere1 lies in the XY-plane at a 45° bearing from the cube, the required angle is 90°.
mged> **edit cube rotate -k 0 0 1 -a sphere1 -d 90**
For an arbitrary target direction, the required axis is the cross-product of the current "forward" vector and the target vector, and the angle is their arc-cosine. Compute those values externally and supply them explicitly:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k AX AY AZ -a TX TY TZ -d COMPUTED_DEGREES**
Example 8. Rotate cube around an axis from sphere2 to sphere1, with and without custom center
The axis is the direction vector sphere2 → sphere1. The rotation center is set explicitly to sphere2 so that sphere2 remains fixed:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere2 -a sphere1 -c sphere2 -d 180**
Place cube "in front of" the spheres by rotating 90° around the same axis, pivoting on sphere1:
mged> **edit cube rotate -k sphere2 -a sphere1 -c sphere1 -d 90**
Example 9. Rotate a sphere 180° around the axis from its own center to the cube
The sphere’s own center is the AXIS_FROM, the cube’s center is
AXIS_TO. Pivoting on the sphere keeps the sphere’s center stationary
while its orientation flips. Using -c . pivots each sphere on its
own center:
mged> **edit sphere1 rotate -k sphere1 -a cube -c . -d 180** mged> **edit sphere2 rotate -k sphere2 -a cube -c . -d 180**
Equivalently, using explicit -c with the sphere’s own name:
mged> **edit sphere1 rotate -k sphere1 -a cube -c sphere1 -d 180** mged> **edit sphere2 rotate -k sphere2 -a cube -c sphere2 -d 180**
Example 10. Rotate two spheres 180° around the axis joining them so they swap positions
The axis runs from sphere1 to sphere2. The pivot should lie on the axis — use the midpoint if sphere1 and sphere2 are at known positions (say sphere1 at (1, 1, 0) and sphere2 at (1, -1, 0), midpoint at (1, 0, 0)):
mged> **edit sphere1 rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 -c 1 0 0 -d 180** mged> **edit sphere2 rotate -k sphere1 -a sphere2 -c 1 0 0 -d 180**
If the midpoint coordinates are not known in advance, compute them from the sphere positions before issuing the command.
Example 11. Rotate by π/2 radians around the Z-axis
mged> **edit ell.s rotate -R 0 0 1.5707963**
Or using the -z flag in Euler mode:
mged> **edit ell.s rotate -R -z 1.5707963**
Example 12. Apply cumulative Euler rotations in multiple steps
Each invocation is applied to the current state of the geometry, so three separate rotations compose:
mged> **edit ell.s rotate 30 0 0** mged> **edit ell.s rotate 0 45 0** mged> **edit ell.s rotate 0 0 60**
Example 13. Use the intermediate buffer: rotate tentatively, then revert if unsatisfied
mged> **edit cube checkpoint** mged> **edit -i cube rotate -z 45** mged> **edit cube revert**
SEE ALSO
edit(nged), edit translate(nged), edit scale(nged), orot(nged), arot(nged)
AUTHOR
BRL-CAD Team
BUG REPORTS
Reports of bugs or problems should be submitted via electronic mail to devs@brlcad.org